MMA moves in Physics

      How to Safeguard Your Mobile Privacy

WASHINGTON—A great deal has been written over the years about the necessity of computer users to be proactive if they want to guard their privacy and keep their machines clean of viruses. Habits such as changing passwords, updating software, running anti-virus and using encryption when possible are often referred to as “good web hygiene.”

But as the use of mobile phones and other devices has skyrocketed, users often have failed to transfer these precautions to the mobile digital environment, leaving millions vulnerable.

This was put on display in the fall of 2014 during the “Occupy Central” protests in Hong Kong, as Chinese hackers flooded protestors' phones with a variety of malware.

Some phone manufacturers have stepped in to fill the security gap.

For example, Apple now automatically offers end-to-end encryption for iMessage and FaceTime, as well as offering a range of other encryption services and applications.But most security analysts say these steps aren’t enough, and that mobile phone and tablet users around the world need to step up and take more responsibility for keeping themselves safe and secure in the wireless world.

Passcode
The first step is with the device itself.The latest versions of the world’s three most common mobile operating systems, Google’s Android, Apple’s iOS and Microsoft’s Windows Phone, already offer complete encryption as an option. It’s activated in different ways, but common to all is that users create a passcode they must enter every time they power up or unlock their phones.

Once encryption is enabled and tied to the passcode, all data on the device will be encrypted and unreadable without the passcode.

This means it’s important for users to choose a code that will be sufficiently challenging to crack. A simple four-digit code is practically meaningless; a 15-character code that uses digits, upper- and lower-case letters, and symbols would be magnitudes harder to break.

Downloading Apps, remote wipe 

Users should also be careful when and where they download apps or document attachments. Applications downloaded from Apple’s iTunes or Google’s Play Store are generally fairly secure, but downloading from other services can be an iffy proposition. As always, it’s not a good idea to download any email attachments you didn’t specifically ask for.

Anti-virus packages are available for mobile phones, but security analysts are roughly split on whether they would be required for the majority of phones. What is recommended, however, is for users to install some sort of “remote-wipe” application, which would allow a user to remotely erase all the phone’s data in case it’s stolen.

Secure WiFi

Mobile phones traditionally connect to the world by two means: wireless phone service for actual phone use, and a wireless local area network, or WLAN, for Internet and data. Tablets mostly just use a WLAN. Both the phone service and WLAN use provide potential security holes, but many of those can be mitigated.

First, when connecting to a WLAN using WiFi, users should choose their service carefully. In crowded urban environments, it’s not uncommon for phones to sniff out 20 or more WiFi services with decent signal strength. If possible, users should only connect to secure WiFi services; these are denoted by a locked padlock icon and require some type of password to access.

Free, open WiFi services – those available to anyone without any passcode – should be avoided if at all possible. It’s simply too easy for a bad guy on open WiFi to break into others also online and create havoc.

SMS 

Text messages (SMS), which are transmitted via the phone service, are relatively (but not completely) secure from infections. But as with actual phone calls, they can be intercepted by third parties.

There are numerous apps available designed to keep text messages private and secure. WhatsApp is one of the most popular around the world, logging around 700 million users worldwide, with more users in India than in any other country.

The app by-passes the mobile phone service, using the Internet to send and receive secure text, photos and video in what it calls “chats.” Other selling points are its ease of use and low price, costing just $1 a year.

Its parent company, Facebook, says WhatsApp chat sessions are completely secure; however a handful of high-profile security breaches beginning in 2010 have raised concerns among privacy advocates.

Encryption Apps

For the more security minded, some users have moved to TextSecure, an open-source text encryption app produced by Whisper Systems, a data security company endorsed by no less than former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. It offers end-to-end encryption for users running TextSecure for text, audio, video, and images.

Whisper Systems engineers say that in addition to robust encryption, the app offers a user verification system to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.

Whisper Systems also has an app for securing mobile phone calls. Called RedPhone, the app was aimed at first specifically for people who live under repressive governments that routinely tap and monitor phone calls.

RedPhone uses the Internet for end-to-end encryption of real-time two-way voice conversations between two RedPhone users. Additionally, two matching words appear on both phones during the call, allowing the users themselves to verify a secure, encrypted connection. RedPhone has proven to be very popular in a number of nations, including Venezuela and Egypt.

Another popular application, Ostel, is an outgrowth of the Guardian Project, a cooperative venture to develop applications that secure users’ privacy. Like RedPhone, Ostel uses VoIP (“Voice over Internet Protocol”) for end-to-end encryption between Ostel users; an additional benefit is that there are no costs for long-distance or international calls.

Finally, for users who want proven Internet security for their mobile Android device, and don’t mind giving away a little speed of access, there’s Orbot. Essentially Tor for mobile, it’s just like its online counterpart, routing all text, Internet and email data through a randomized series of computers.

Like Tor, Orbot offers users some of the strongest privacy protection to be found – but it comes at a cost. Because the user’s data is being routed through a shifting set of nodes on the Tor network, Orbot can significantly slow down uploads and downloads. It’s not for everyone, but for those who want to remain as anonymous as possible, it’s just about the best bet available.

Source: http://www.voanews.com 

Edited and published by Sivar Aziz                                          Hawler 26-5-2015

A Hope From Arabs(UAE)

A new Hope: first Arab Mars probe given mission to track water

The United Arab Emirates has announced details of its uncrewed Mars probe, which it plans to launch in 2020 to monitor the planet's atmosphere from orbit. The spacecraft, named Hope, will be a big step up from the country's previous space activities as it attempts to compete with other emerging space powers like India and China.

"The UAE Mars probe represents the Islamic world's entry into the era of space exploration," said UAE president Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan last year when the probe was first announced. Now UAE has announced its scientific goals for the mission, which include mapping the planet's weather and studying its atmosphere.

So far the UAE has only launched a couple of small Earth-observing satellites, so Hope will be a significant upgrade. The Mars probe will carry spectrometers for analysing infrared and ultraviolet signals, along with a digital camera. These will measure water, dust and other molecules in the planet's atmosphere, in an attempt to learn how Mars transitioned from a wet, warm world to the dry, dusty one we see today.

These goals are similar to those of MAVEN and MOM, two Mars probes launched last year by NASA and the Indian space agency ISRO, but the UAE isn't just replicating those missions. "The measurements are unique and distinct from those made by MAVEN from its current orbit," says David Brain of the University of Colorado, who is part of the MAVEN team and will also be working with the UAE on Hope. "The science is complementary to MAVEN science."

·         17:30 08 May 2015 by Jacob Aron

·         For similar stories, visit the Solar System and Space flight Topic Guides

Resource: http://www.newscientist.com/tech

Life with Nano ... is Much Easier !

Nano machine pumps molecules ‘uphill’

A new molecular pump capable of pumping other small molecules up an energy gradient has been developed by researchers at Northwestern University in the US. The new pump is very much like the protein pumps in living cells, and might be used to design artificial molecular machines similar to those found in nature. Such machines could be important for a range of applications, including synthetic muscles, tiny robots and advanced mechanical motors.

Molecular machines are ubiquitous in nature and have evolved over billions of years to exploit energy from sunlight or complex chemical reactions in the body. They are made up of complicated assemblies of proteins that are responsible for a host of processes in living organisms, such as ion transport, ATP synthesis and cell division. In fact, our muscles are controlled by the co-ordinated movement of thousands of these machines.

"Our new molecular pump is, in a sense, reminiscent of the pump proteins in our cells, which are vital components of life involved in transferring energy from food to a form that is compatible with our cells," explains Paul McGonigal, who is part of Fraser Stoddart's team at Northwestern. "We have designed a relatively simple small molecule that can also drive a system away from equilibrium with chemical energy from redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions."

One-way valves and rings

The new pump is based on a molecule called a rotaxane, which has already been used to create other molecular machines. The molecule contains a linear axle capable of restricting the motion of a ring-shaped component threaded onto it. The chemical structure of the axle is such that the rings can move in one direction via a complex mechanism that involves two one-way valves (see figure above).

The machine contains several components. The first is a positively charged pyridinium unit (red) that acts as the first one-way valve. The second is a viologen unit (orange) that acts as the pump. The third is a bulky isopropylphenyl chemical group that acts as the second one-way valve (purple). Finally, the fourth component is an alkyl chain (green) that acts as the collection unit. This chain contains a chemical group at its end that is big enough to stop the rings from de-threading.

Pumping process transfers and stores energy

"The machine works thanks to reduction-oxidation cycles and precisely organized non-covalent bonding interactions," explains team member Chuyang Cheng. "It pumps positively charged rings from solution and ensnares them around an oligomethylene chain. The redox-active viologen unit at the heart of this dumb-bell-shaped molecular pump plays a dual role in first of all attracting and then secondly repelling the rings during redox cycling," he says.

"The pumping process is actually a way of transferring and storing energy at the molecular level," he continues. "Part of the energy released during a reaction is siphoned off and stored in the high-energy molecules produced. In the long term, we could imagine that the energy stored by such an artificial molecular pump might be used to power another molecular machine – perhaps one that is part of an artificial muscle, for example."

The team, reporting its work in Nature Nanotechnology, says that it would now like to be able to anchor its molecular pump in a membrane so that it pumps molecules from one side to another during operation. "Such a pump would be directly inspired by nature's molecular machines, and especially carrier proteins," adds McGonigal.

New State of Matter

physics is cool

physics is cool